Study on work environment and hazards in Samsung Electronics Korean Metal Workers’ Union (2024)
Supporters for the Health and Rights of People in the Semiconductor Industry
Korea Institute of Labor Safety and Health
I. Background
As of the end of 2022, Samsung Electronics employed 117,927 workers in South Korea. The company manufactures a wide range of products, including semiconductors, mobile phones, and other wireless communication devices, as well as home appliances. Samsung Electronics’ workforce spans various job categories, such as manufacturing, equipment maintenance, research and development, and administrative work.
Since the death of the late Ms. Hwang Yumi from leukemia in 2007, occupational disease issues at Samsung Electronics have emerged as a major social concern. Following an agreement reached in 2018 between Supporters for the Health and Rights of People in the Semiconductor Industry (SHARPS) and Samsung Electronics on measures to address these issues, the work environment underwent changes in several respects. While this led to various positive changes, such as the prohibition or substitution of some hazardous chemicals, the outsourcing of dangerous tasks—such as maintenance of semiconductor manufacturing equipment —also proceeded simultaneously. Rather than solving the problem, it was simply shifted to a less visible area.
Over the past decade or so, rapid advances in automation have led to a sharp decline in the number of workers in manufacturing roles and an increase in equipment maintenance tasks, causing a drastic shift in the ratio of workers across different job categories and bringing about various changes in occupational safety, health, and work environment. Previously, occupational diseases associated with Samsung Electronics were mainly limited to certain conditions caused by chemical exposure, such as occupational cancers and rare diseases; however, other issues, such as musculoskeletal disorders and cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, have recently come to light.
This study aimed to assess the overall health status of Samsung Electronics workers and identify areas for improvement. Additionally, it sought to understand the ongoing risks and evolving nature of chemical hazards despite automation of production, and to examine the toxicity of chemicals not only in the semiconductor industry but also in the electronics industry as a whole.
II. Results
1. Chemical hazards
A survey of hazardous chemicals used at each plant of Samsung Electronics revealed that the chemicals used at the Gumi Plant (wireless communications) and the Gwangju Plant (home appliances) were no less hazardous than those used at semiconductor plants. In fact, the proportion of toxic substances, such as carcinogens, was higher at those plants than at semiconductor plants. Currently, Samsung Electronics’ chemical management—including the substitution of toxic substances, enclosure of equipment, and local exhaust ventilation—is focused on the semiconductor division. It is necessary to expand these measures to all plants of the company.
2. Surveys and interviews
2.1. Chemical use and related diseases (chemical exposure group)
The group exposed to chemicals—comprising both production workers at Samsung Electronics and workers in and out of the production site—accounted for 63.3% of the total workforce. Among them, 12.5% reported experiencing “strong odors while working in the factory,” with higher response rates observed among equipment maintenance workers and in semiconductor chip manufacturing plants such as the Pyeongtaek and Hwaseong plants. Despite automation, it was confirmed that exposure to high concentrations of chemicals—as inferred from the strong odors—remains significant at semiconductor chip manufacturing sites. The experience of strong odors was highest among workers involved in opening equipment, and it was also high among workers who remained in the space during equipment opening operations. Furthermore, at semiconductor chip facilities such as Pyeongtaek, Hwaseong, and Giheung, where most equipment maintenance work has been outsourced to subcontractors, subcontractor workers were performing the most hazardous tasks. It is noteworthy that the percentage of respondents who reported “cases of cancer or rare diseases among themselves or close colleagues” was higher at the Gwangju home appliances plant (12.2%) and the Gumi wireless communications plant (15.0%) than at other semiconductor facilities (4.4%–7.0%).
2.2. Work environment: Exposure to hazards
Among the five hazardous factors (noise, vibration, postures causing fatigue and pain, heavy lifting, and repetitive movements), Samsung Electronics workers showed higher exposure rates to noise, vibration, and postures causing fatigue and pain compared to the average for paid workers. For manufacturing production workers of Samsung Electronics, exposure rates were higher than the average for paid workers for all five hazardous factors, while for equipment maintenance workers, exposure rates were higher than the average in four of the five hazardous factor categories, excluding repetitive motions.
2.3. Work intensity and health status
Samsung Electronics workers were suffering from excessive work intensity. More than 30% of survey respondents reported that they “often or always feel physically exhausted after work,” and over half said that their “workload is intense.” More than half of respondents in all job categories—including manufacturing, R&D, and supporting/administrative roles—reported that they “often or always feel mentally exhausted after work.” Performance evaluations, excessive workloads, and staff shortages were overwhelmingly cited as the primary causes of increased work intensity, far surpassing other factors.
Nearly two-thirds of Samsung Electronics survey respondents reported feeling pressure to perform, and over half stated that this pressure made it difficult to maintain their work pace. Among Samsung Electronics workers, only 25.9% considered themselves healthy. In contrast, 72% of paid workers in South Korea in 2020 considered themselves healthy. The rate of presenteeism—going to work even when sick—was approximately five times higher than the 11% reported for paid workers in 2020. This is because they believe that if they take time off, their colleagues will have to shoulder a heavier workload. Even in cases suspected of being work-related accidents or illnesses, workers were most likely to bear the medical costs themselves. As many as 26.0% cited “fear of adverse consequences” as the reason for not applying for workers’ compensation, as it is not uncommon for workers to face negative performance evaluations simply for being involved in a safety incident. Negative responses regarding the effectiveness of occupational safety and health training were high at 61.2%.
2.4. Musculoskeletal disorders and job stress
The proportion of Samsung Electronics workers exhibiting symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders was 81.4%, more than double the average of 38.0% among paid workers. In particular, the proportion of workers with musculoskeletal disorders was alarmingly high among manufacturing and production workers and among workers at the Gwangju plant. Among Samsung Electronics workers, the high-risk groups for job stress were male manufacturing and production workers and other occupational groups including female office workers.
2.5. Depression, sleep disorders, and other mental health issues
The mental health of Samsung Electronics workers is at a critical level. The prevalence of sleep disorder symptoms among Samsung Electronics workers was 2.5 to 3.7 times higher than the 2020 average for paid workers for each item. The situation was severe, with nearly half of the workers showing a high risk of depression. In particular, the rates were higher than the overall average for Samsung Electronics workers in the Group E (R&D jobs) and Group G (administrative support jobs), with Group G recording the highest rate at 53.1%. Most shockingly, the proportion of responses related to suicide—including suicidal thoughts, suicide plans, and suicide attempts—was 5 to 10 times higher than that of the general population. These figures were even more severe in high-risk job groups such as Group P (manufacturing and production) and Group G. It was particularly shocking that the rate of suicidal impulses in Group G was 28.1%, more than 20 times higher than the 1.3% rate in the general population.
2.6. Improvements Needed
Samsung Electronics workers ranked performance evaluations, staff shortages, and excessive workloads as the top three causes of increased work intensity, in roughly equal proportions. Since staff shortages are also a cause of excessive workloads, it can be said that the primary cause cited by the majority of respondents was an excessive workload resulting from staff shortages. When asked about the most important tasks for improving working conditions, workers cited hiring more staff, longer vacations, and shorter working hours —again highlighting the need for more staff and adequate rest. Given this situation of staff shortages and excessive workloads, work intensity increases, workers suffer from work-related stress, and the rate of presenteeism—where workers come to work even when sick—is very high. Furthermore, there are many cases where workers do not receive treatment even after being diagnosed with an illness. Increasing the workforce can be considered the most critical task for the health of Samsung Electronics workers.
The performance evaluation system is one of the three main causes of increased work intensity cited by Samsung Electronics workers, and “improving or abolishing the performance evaluation system” is also one of the top three tasks most frequently cited for improving working conditions. Samsung Electronics workers found themselves in a situation where they could not even take the time to seek treatment, let alone receive financial support for medical expenses, because taking time off due to illness or injury could result in a punitive low performance rating. While the performance evaluation system acts as a direct health hazard in this way, it also exacerbates health issues by reinforcing a structure that makes it difficult to resist excessive work intensity and unreasonable work instructions.
III. Recommendations
Based on this study, we make the following recommendations to ensure the occupational safety and health of Samsung Electronics workers:
1. Alleviate work overload by increasing staffing levels
2. Improve the performance evaluation system – Abolish punitive low ratings
3. Strengthen chemical substance management
(1) Strengthen chemical substance management in the electronics industry
(2) Mitigate risks associated with exposure to high-concentrations of chemical substances
(3) Enhance the dissemination of information on chemical substances
(4) Systematize the classification of chemical substances
4. Response to accidents and occupational illnesses
(1) Support workers affected by accidents or occupational diseases in filing workers’ compensation claims
(2) Monitor compliance with disaster response manuals
5. Improvement of the work environment
(1) Implementation of ergonomic improvement measures at sites with musculoskeletal disorders
(2) Improvement of high-temperature environments at the Gwangju plant
6. Improvement of occupational safety and health training
7. Establishment of an occupational safety and health management system with labor union participation
Comments